What are asserts?
An assertion is a predicate (a true–false statement) placed in a program to indicate that the developer thinks that the predicate is always true at that place. [wikipedia]
Traditional asserts
Traditional testing frameworks started with the built in keyword assert.
An example of the keyword assert:
assert <condition> value
Assert has a few drawbacks including stopping the test execution and lengthy and hard to describe assert statements.
Second generation assertions
Along comes JUnit's assert framework. Built on top of the assert keyword, JUnit provided developers the ability to be more descriptive about the testing statements.
An example of JUnit's asserts:// asserts that the condition must be true assertTrue("This should be true", "abc".equalsIgnoreCase("ABC")); // asserts that the object must not be null assertNotNull(new MyObject()); //... assertFalse(false == true); // assertNull(null); // etc...
While there are some improvements on readability and usability to the basic assert keyword provided by JUnit, they share some of the same drawbacks in that many developers just use the "assertTrue()", "assertEquals()" and "assertFalse()" methods still providing a very cryptic assertion statement.
Third generation assertions
In an effort to guide developers into writing test assertions that are more readable and usable the Hamcrest library was created which switched the philosophy from many assert functions to just one basic function. The fundamental thought is that the assert is the same but the conditions will change. Hamcrest was built using the concepts of BDD (behavior driven design) where the test assertion is closer to that of a sentence.
An example of hamcrest assertions
@Test public void showoffSomeHamcrestAssertsAndMatchers() { // asserts that string "abc" is "ABC" ignoring case assertThat("abc", is(equalToIgnoringCase("ABC"))); assertThat(myObject.getFirst(), is("Mike!")); assertThat(myObject.getAddress(), is(notNullValue)); }
Hamcrest is a great improvement on top of the JUnit framework providing a flexible and readable testing platform. Hamcrest + JUnit is a comprehensive testing framework and when combined with Mockito (or other mocking framework) can provide a very descriptive and thorough unit testing solution. One of the drawbacks to using Hamcrest is that while descriptive, multiple assertions must be made to ensure that a test case has been covered. Many TDD purest agree that a test case should contain one and only one assertion, but how is this possible with a complex object? (purest will say refactoring, but oftentimes this is not feasible)
Fourth generation frameworks
And finally we come to the present with the latest assertion frameworks. Fest Assertion framework takes off where Hamcrest stopped providing a fluent style assertion framework giving the developer the ability to test objects with a single assertion.
An example of Fest assertions
@Test public void getAddressOnStreet() { List<Address> addresses = addressDAO.liveOnStreet("main"); assertThat(addresses).hasSize(10).contains(address1, address2); assertThat(stringObj).hasSize(7).isEqualToIgnoringCase("abcdefg"); }
As you can see, FEST exceptions provide a cleaner approach to assertions. FEST is very extensible and easy to use.
Conclusion
Assertions are a key tool in a professional developer's toolbox in which to stress test their code. This post is a part in a series with the culmination being a fluent style ExpectedException mechanism, backed by Fest, in which to add better clarity to your test cases when exceptions are being introduced. Feel free to read the lead up to this post; Allowing known failing JUnit Tests to pass test cases.
NOTE: This blog is providing an overview on assertion frameworks it should be noted that there are various other second and third generation testing frameworks that strive to provide better clarity and usability for testing including notables such as TestNG and JTest
77 comments:
Hi Mike,
Great blog! Is there an email address I can contact you in private?
Hey Nikos,
Thanks for reading my blog! You can reach me at mike |at clickconcepts |dot| com
Mike!
Hi Mike, even though I'm a FEST Fluent Assertions user I can not see the reasons why you think it is the next generation compared to Hamcrest. From my experience both FEST and Hamcrest have very similar capabilities and it is rather a matter of test to prefer one of them.
Hey Tomek,
I have been using hamcrest and mockito for many years and I recently added FEST. You are right that they both have basically the same set of assertions so I base my comment in the readability of the code. I believe that fluent APIs are typically easier to read than several lines of code where the prefix of the line is the same ("assertThat("). Extensions to both are about the same though I find the FEST documentation to be better and more complete. The ecosystem of Hamcrest is still greater, but I assume that once FEST catches on at a mainstream level, we will see a larger community presence.
What are your thoughts?
Mike!
I am very glad to visit such a useful article in which blogger very excellently briefed how to use asserts in programming. This is his short but very comprehensive work. Hope, you keep it up your same job.
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In Java, assertions are a useful tool for debugging and testing purposes. They allow you to test assumptions about your program's state by verifying conditions that should always be true. If an assertion fails, it throws an AssertionError, which can help you identify bugs and logic errors in your code during development.
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Thanks for the informative overview of Java assertions! Your explanations clarify their purpose and usage, making it easier for developers to understand how to implement them effectively. I appreciate the practical examples you provided. Looking forward to more insights on Java programming
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Great post! It's so useful to see the evolution of assertion frameworks in Java, especially how each generation has addressed specific pain points to make tests clearer and more maintainable. I appreciate how you covered not only the syntax improvements with JUnit and Hamcrest but also the leap in readability and fluency introduced by FEST. Data science courses in Visakhapatnam
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This is a well-structured and informative post! It provides a great historical progression of assertion frameworks, making it easy to understand the evolution from traditional asserts to modern fluent APIs like Fest. The examples and comparisons are particularly helpful for developers looking to adopt more readable and efficient testing practices. Great job!
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