Introduction
A few months ago a colleague and long-time friend of mine published an intriguing blog on a few of the less discussed costs associated with implementing microservices. The blog post made several important points on performance when designing and consuming microservices. There is an overhead to using a remote service beyond the obvious network latency due to routing and distance. The blog describes how there is a cost attributed to serialization of JSON and therefore a microservice should do meaningful work to overcome the costs of serialization. While this is a generally accepted guideline for microservices, it is often overlooked and thus a concrete reminder helps to illustrate the point. The second point of interest is the costs associated to the bandwidth size of JSON based RESTful API responses. One potential pitfall of having a more substantive endpoint is that the payload of a response can degrade performance and quickly consume thread pools and overload the network.These two main points made me think about alternatives and I decided to create an experiment to see if there were benefits from using Google Protocol Buffers (aka, "Protobuf" for short) over JSON in RESTful API calls. I set out to show this by first highlighting performance differences between converting JSON using Jackson into POJOs versus Protobuf messages into and out of the a data model. I decided to create a sufficiently complex data model that utilized nested objects, lists and primitives while trying to keep the model simple to understand; Therefore I ended up with a Recipe domain model that I would probably not use in a serious cooking application, but serves the purpose for this experiment.
Test #1: Measure Costs of Serialization and Deserialization
The first challenge I encountered was how to work effectively with Protobuf messages. After spending some time reading through sparse documentation that focused on an elementary demonstration of Protobuf messages, I finally decided on a method for converting Messages in and out of my domain model. The preceding statements about using Protobufs is opinionated and someone who uses them often may disagree, but my experience was not smooth and I found messages to be rigid and more difficult than I expected.The second challenge I encountered came when I wanted to measure the "performance" of both marshaling JSON and Serializing Protobufs. I spent some time learning JMH and designed my plan on how to test both methods. Using JMH, I designed a series of tests that allowed me to populate my POJO model, then construct a method that converted into and out of each of the technologies. I isolated the conversion of the objects in order to capture just the costs associated with conversion.
Test #1: Results
My results were not surprising as I expected Protobuf to be more efficient. I measured the average time to marshal an object into JSON at 876.754 ns/operation (±43.222ns) versus 148.160 ns/operation (±6.922ns) showing that equivalent objects converted into Protobuf was nearly 6 times faster than into JSON.Reversing a JSON and Protobuf message into a POJO yielded slower results and were closer together, but Protobuf still out performed JSON un-marshaling. Converting a JSON string into the domain object took on average 2037.075 ns/operation (±121.997) and Protobuf message to object took on average 844.382 ns/operation (±41.852), nearly 2.4 times faster than JSON.
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Serialize/Deserialize times in μSeconds |
Run the samples yourself using the github project created for this project: https://github.com/mike-ensor/protobuf-serialization
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